How to Heal Gut Inflammation with a Gluten-Free Mediterranean Diet
Written by: Robin Holliday, MS, CN, Bastyr University Dietetic Intern
Do you want to know how to ease gut inflammation naturally? In this article, we’ll explore the topic of gut inflammation, the benefits of anti-inflammatory foods, and how combining two gut-healing diets can be the ideal choice for improving your gut health.
Gut inflammation is a problem that can happen anywhere in your digestive system. It can either be short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic). Acute inflammation is like a friend who visits you for a few days, while chronic inflammation is like a friend who stays for weeks. Chronic inflammation can lead to diseases like celiac disease, obesity, diabetes, and even cancer.
The role of inflammation in celiac disease and other autoimmune conditions
An abnormal inflammatory response in the body connects to many health issues. Due to their genes, some individuals have immune systems that react more strongly to external triggers, making them more prone to inflammation. An example is in celiac disease, where your immune system reacts with inflammation when encountering gluten instead of its normal, balancing response. We’re not entirely sure why this change occurs. Still, when this response combines with environmental factors that promote inflammation, it causes mild, ongoing inflammation and damages the lining of your intestines.
Outside factors, such as your diet and viruses, can create an unhealthy environment in your intestines that is good for inflammation. Other factors can start from within your body. For example, changes in the bacteria in your gut can make you more sensitive to things that cause inflammation. This can damage the walls of your intestines, disrupt the gut bacteria, and change how your immune system works with the intestines.
A leaky intestinal barrier is one of the most common structural changes that happens with gut inflammation. The intestinal barrier is a tight seal that keeps harmful substances out of your bloodstream. When the intestinal barrier leaks, toxins, and bacteria can get into your bloodstream and cause inflammation. In celiac disease, a leaky intestinal barrier can let gluten into your bloodstream, which triggers an immune response.
Inflammation is not just a side effect of disease but can also be a trigger of autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease is when your immune system loses tolerance for your body’s tissues and reacts as if your body is foreign. Typically, gene alterations, like those in celiac disease, cause these diseases. Still, environmental factors and stress can also trigger them—for example, a change in your gut bacteria or diet.
Nutritional Concerns of the Western and Gluten-Free Diets
As mentioned earlier, your environment, such as your diet, can trigger inflammation. Some foods can make inflammation worse, while others can help reduce it. The Western diet is a big reason some people get inflammation in their bodies. This high-calorie diet of fats, refined sugars, and protein causes low-grade inflammation, the root cause of many chronic diseases. For example, studies have shown that people who develop celiac disease are more likely to have eaten a Western diet in the first few years of their lives. This suggests that the Western diet may play a role in developing autoimmune diseases.
Then there is the gluten-free diet, used to help treat gluten-related issues. However, there’s growing concern about its nutritional quality when attempted without the guidance of a registered dietitian. The problem is that a self-directed gluten-free diet may lack essential nutrients like protein, fiber, and vitamins while having too much fat, salt, and sugar. That’s not all – metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes could result. So, is there a better way to approach a gluten-free diet?
What about the Mediterranean diet?
Research consistently shows that the Mediterranean diet offers many health benefits by being nutritious and anti-inflammatory. It reduces the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease, cancer, and other inflammatory conditions. The diet focuses on consuming fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, fish, and olive oil while limiting processed foods, red meat, and saturated fat, making it a smart option for maintaining good health.
There are several mechanisms by which the Mediterranean diet may reduce inflammation in your body. First, it is high in antioxidants, which can help to protect your body from damage caused by free radicals. Second, it is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids, which can be anti-inflammatory. Third, it is low in saturated fat, which can promote inflammation. Fourth, it is high in fiber, which can help keep your digestive system healthy and reduce inflammation. Finally, researchers have demonstrated that the MD (Mediterranean Diet) positively changes your gut microbiome, enhancing its anti-inflammatory effects.
Can you benefit from making the Mediterranean diet gluten-free?
When you merge a gluten-free diet with the Mediterranean diet, you create a healthy, well-balanced eating plan that does wonders for gut inflammation. This combination still focuses on plant-based foods but swaps out gluten-containing grains for pseudo-cereals and naturally gluten-free cereals. These contain antioxidants that actively combat oxidative stress, crucial for those with chronic inflammatory diseases. They also provide high-quality proteins and plenty of dietary fiber for better digestion.
Let’s review some ways you can start using this dietary pattern.
Have these at every meal:
- Water, fruits, vegetables, tubers, pseudocereals (quinoa, amaranth, chia, buckwheat), and naturally Gluten-free cereals (teff, buckwheat, corn, rice, millet, sorghum).
Have these everyday:
- Spices, extra virgin olive oil, and fermented foods (yogurt, kimchi, and sauerkraut) which are beneficial for gut health.
Have these weekly:
- Pulses (peas, beans, lentils, chickpeas, soybeans, lupins, chickling, peanuts), potatoes, fish, poultry, egg, dairy and dairy alternatives, dried fruits, red meat, and processed meat.
Have only on the occasion:
- GF (Gluten-Free) sweets and added salt.
Inflammation is a natural reaction in your body. Many chronic diseases, especially autoimmune, have a strong connection to ongoing and uncontrolled inflammation. The Western diet is often at the center of inflammation and the onset of autoimmune disease. Unfortunately, a highly processed gluten-free diet can occasionally fall short of providing essential nutrients and may contribute to your inflammation. In contrast, the Mediterranean diet, known for its anti-inflammatory powers, lowers your risk of chronic diseases by promoting plant-based foods. This diet is rich in fiber, antioxidants, and omega-3 fatty acids while limiting processed foods, red meat, and saturated fat. Combining the gluten-free diet with the Mediterranean diet results in a well-balanced diet that’s great for your gut inflammation. If you need extra assistance when you begin, don’t hesitate to contact a registered dietitian who can tailor a plan to your specific needs.
For more information on the Mediterranean diet, check out “Is That Diet Gluten-Free” on gluten.org.
References:
Barone MV, Auricchio R, Nanayakkara M, Greco L, Troncone R, Auricchio S. Pivotal Role of Inflammation in Celiac Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(13):7177. Published 2022 Jun 28. doi:10.3390/ijms23137177
Bascuñán KA, Elli L, Vecchi M, et al. Mediterranean Gluten-Free Diet: Is It a Fair Bet for the Treatment of Gluten-Related Disorders?. Front Nutr. 2020;7:583981. Published 2020 Dec 2. doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.583981
Godala M, Gaszyńska E, Zatorski H, Małecka-Wojciesko E. Dietary Interventions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients. 2022;14(20):4261. Published 2022 Oct 12. doi:10.3390/nu14204261
Yale School Of Medicine. Untangling the Web of Autoimmune Diseases. Published Winter 2020. Updated May 2022. Accessed 11/01/2023. https://bit.ly/3Qn878V
Yale School Of Medicine. Inflammation: A Double-Edged Sword for the Immune System. Published Winter 2020. Updated May 2022. Accessed 11/01/2023. https://bit.ly/46WTjoI